Connecting
editConnecting
editThis page contains the information you need to connect and use the Client with Elasticsearch.
On this page
Authentication
editThis document contains code snippets to show you how to connect to various Elasticsearch providers.
Elastic Cloud
editIf you are using Elastic Cloud, the client offers an easy way to connect to it. You need the Cloud ID that you can find in the cloud console, then your username and password.
Once you have collected the Cloud ID you can use the client to connect to your Elastic Cloud instance, as follows:
require 'elasticsearch' client = Elasticsearch::Client.new( cloud_id: '<CloudID>' user: '<Username>', password: '<Password>', )
You can also connect to the Cloud by using API Key authentication. You can generate an API key
in the Management
page under the section Security
.
When you click on Create API key
you can choose a name and set the other options (eg. restrict privileges, expire after time, etc).
After this step you will get the API key
in the API keys page.
IMPORTANT: you need to copy and store the API key
in a secure place, since you will not be able to view it again in Elastic Cloud.
Once you have collected the Cloud ID
and the API key
you can use the client
to connect to your Elastic Cloud instance, as follows:
client = Elasticsearch::Client.new( cloud_id: '<CloudID>', api_key: '<ApiKey>' )
If you create the API Key through the dev console or the REST API, you may get instead a pair of id
and APIKey
values. The client also accepts a Hash for the api_key
parameter, so you can pass in these values and it will encode the API Key internally:
client = Elasticsearch::Client.new( cloud_id: '<CloudID>', api_key: {id: '<Id>', api_key: '<APIKey>'} )
Connecting to a self-managed cluster
editElasticsearch 8.0 offers security by default, that means authentication and TLS are enabled.
To connect to the Elasticsearch cluster you’ll need to configure the Ruby Elasticsearch client to use HTTPS with the generated CA certificate in order to make requests successfully.
If you’re just getting started with Elasticsearch we recommend reading the documentation on configuring and starting Elasticsearch to ensure your cluster is running as expected.
When you start Elasticsearch for the first time you’ll see a distinct block like the one below in the output from Elasticsearch (you may have to scroll up if it’s been a while):
---------------------------------------------------------------- -> Elasticsearch security features have been automatically configured! -> Authentication is enabled and cluster connections are encrypted. -> Password for the elastic user (reset with `bin/elasticsearch-reset-password -u elastic`): lhQpLELkjkrawaBoaz0Q -> HTTP CA certificate SHA-256 fingerprint: a52dd93511e8c6045e21f16654b77c9ee0f34aea26d9f40320b531c474676228 ... ----------------------------------------------------------------
Note down the elastic
user password and HTTP CA fingerprint for the next sections. In the examples below they will be stored in the variables ELASTIC_PASSWORD
and CERT_FINGERPRINT
respectively.
Depending on the circumstances there are two options for verifying the HTTPS connection, either verifying with the CA certificate itself or via the HTTP CA certificate fingerprint.
Verifying HTTPS with CA certificates
editThe generated root CA certificate can be found in the certs
directory in your Elasticsearch config location ($ES_CONF_PATH/certs/http_ca.crt
). If you’re running Elasticsearch in Docker there is additional documentation for retrieving the CA certificate.
Once you have the http_ca.crt
file somewhere accessible pass the path to the client via ca_certs
:
client = Elasticsearch::Client.new( host: "https://elastic:#{ELASTIC_PASSWORD}@localhost:9200", transport_options: { ssl: { ca_path: CERT_DIR } } )
Verifying HTTPS with certificate fingerprints
editThis method of verifying the HTTPS connection takes advantage of the certificate fingerprint value noted down earlier. Take this SHA256 fingerprint value and pass it to the Ruby Elasticsearch client via ca_fingerprint
:
# Colons and uppercase/lowercase don't matter when using # the 'ca_fingerprint' parameter CERT_FINGERPRINT = '64F2593F...' # Password for the 'elastic' user generated by Elasticsearch ELASTIC_PASSWORD = "<password>" client = Elasticsearch::Client.new( host: "https://elastic:#{ELASTIC_PASSWORD}@localhost:9200", transport_options: { ssl: { verify: false } }, ca_fingerprint: CERT_FINGERPRINT )
The verification will be run once per connection.
The certificate fingerprint can be calculated using openssl x509
with the certificate file:
openssl x509 -fingerprint -sha256 -noout -in /path/to/http_ca.crt
If you don’t have access to the generated CA file from Elasticsearch you can use the following script to output the root CA fingerprint of the Elasticsearch instance with openssl s_client
:
# Replace the values of 'localhost' and '9200' to the # corresponding host and port values for the cluster. openssl s_client -connect localhost:9200 -servername localhost -showcerts </dev/null 2>/dev/null \ | openssl x509 -fingerprint -sha256 -noout -in /dev/stdin
The output of openssl x509
will look something like this:
SHA256 Fingerprint=A5:2D:D9:35:11:E8:C6:04:5E:21:F1:66:54:B7:7C:9E:E0:F3:4A:EA:26:D9:F4:03:20:B5:31:C4:74:67:62:28
API Key authentication
editYou can also use ApiKey authentication.
If you provide both basic authentication credentials and the ApiKey configuration, the ApiKey takes precedence.
Elasticsearch::Client.new( host: host, transport_options: transport_options, api_key: credentials )
Where credentials is either the base64 encoding of id
and api_key
joined by
a colon or a hash with the id
and api_key
:
Elasticsearch::Client.new( host: host, transport_options: transport_options, api_key: {id: 'my_id', api_key: 'my_api_key'} )
Basic authentication
editYou can pass the authentication credentials, scheme and port in the host configuration hash:
client = Elasticsearch::Client.new( hosts: [ { host: 'my-protected-host', port: '443', user: 'USERNAME', password: 'PASSWORD', scheme: 'https' } ] )
Or use the common URL format:
client = Elasticsearch::Client.new(url: 'https://username:password@localhost:9200')
To pass a custom certificate for SSL peer verification to Faraday-based clients,
use the transport_options
option:
Elasticsearch::Client.new( url: 'https://username:password@localhost:9200', transport_options: { ssl: { ca_file: '/path/to/cacert.pem' } } )
Usage
editThe following snippet shows an example of using the Ruby client:
require 'elasticsearch' client = Elasticsearch::Client.new log: true client.cluster.health client.index(index: 'my-index', id: 1, body: { title: 'Test' }) client.indices.refresh(index: 'my-index') client.search(index: 'my-index', body: { query: { match: { title: 'test' } } })
Using the Client in a Function-as-a-Service Environment
editThis section illustrates the best practices for leveraging the Elasticsearch client in a Function-as-a-Service (FaaS) environment. The most influential optimization is to initialize the client outside of the function, the global scope. This practice does not only improve performance but also enables background functionality as – for example – sniffing. The following examples provide a skeleton for the best practices.
GCP Cloud Functions
editrequire 'functions_framework' require 'elasticsearch' client = Elasticsearch::Client.new( cloud_id: "elasic-cloud-id", user: "elastic", password: "password", log: true ) FunctionsFramework.http "hello_world" do |request| client.search( index: 'stack-overflow', body: { query: { match: { title: { query: 'phone application' } } } } ) end
AWS Lambda
editrequire 'elasticsearch' def client @client ||= Elasticsearch::Client.new( cloud_id: "elastic-cloud-id", user: "elastic", password: "password", log: true ) end def lambda_handler(event:, context:) client.search( index: 'stack-overflow', body: { query: { match: { title: { query: 'phone application' } } } } ) end
Resources used to assess these recommendations:
Enabling the Compatibility Mode
editThe Elasticsearch server version 8.0 is introducing a new compatibility mode that allows you a smoother upgrade experience from 7 to 8. In a nutshell, you can use the latest 7.x Elasticsearch client with an 8.x Elasticsearch server, giving more room to coordinate the upgrade of your codebase to the next major version.
If you want to leverage this functionality, please make sure that you are using the latest 7.x client and set the environment variable ELASTIC_CLIENT_APIVERSIONING
to true
. The client is handling the rest internally. For every 8.0 and beyond client, you’re all set! The compatibility mode is enabled by default.