Regression
editRegression
editThis functionality is in technical preview and may be changed or removed in a future release. Elastic will work to fix any issues, but features in technical preview are not subject to the support SLA of official GA features.
Regression analysis is a machine learning process for estimating the relationships among different fields in your data, then making further predictions based on these relationships.
For example, suppose we are interested in finding the relationship between apartment size and monthly rent in a city. Our imaginary dataset consists of three data points:
Size (m2) |
Monthly rent |
44 |
1600 |
24 |
1055 |
63 |
2300 |
After the model determines the relationship between the apartment size and the rent, it can make predictions such as the monthly rent of a hundred square meter-size apartment.
This is a simple example. Usually regression problems are multi-dimensional, so the relationships that regression analysis tries to find are between multiple fields. To extend our example, a more complex regression analysis could take into account additional factors such as the location of the apartment in the city, on which floor it is, and whether the apartment has a riverside view or not and so on.
Feature variables
editWhen you perform regression analysis, you must identify a subset of fields that you want to use to create a model for predicting other fields. We refer to these fields as feature variables and dependent variables, respectively. Feature variables are the values that the dependent variable value depends on. If one or more of the feature variables changes, the dependent variable value also changes. There are three different types of feature variables that you can use with our regression algorithm:
- Numerical. In our example, the size of the apartment was a numerical feature variable.
- Categorical. A variable that can have one value from a set of values. The value set has a fixed and limited number of possible items. In the example, the location of the apartment in the city (borough) is a categorical variable.
- Boolean. The riverside view in the example is a boolean value because an apartment either has a riverside view or doesn’t have one. Arrays are not supported.
Training the regression model
editRegression is a supervised machine learning process, which means that you need to supply a labeled training dataset that has some feature variables and a dependent variable. The regression algorithm learns the relationships between the feature and the dependent variable. Once you’ve trained the model on your training dataset, you can reuse the knowledge that the model has learned about the relationships between the data points to make certain inferences about new data points.
The relationships between the feature variables and the dependent variable are described as a mathematical function. Regression analysis tries to find the best prediction for the dependent variable by combining the predictions from multiple base learners – algorithms that generalize from the dataset. The performance of an ensemble is usually better than the performance of each individual base learner because the individual learners will make different errors. These average out when their predictions are combined.
Regression works as a batch analysis. If new data comes into your index, you must restart the data frame analytics job.
Regression algorithms
editThe ensemble learning technique that we use in the Elastic Stack is a type of boosting called extreme gradient boost (XGboost) which combines decision trees with gradient boosting methodologies.
Measuring model performance
editYou can measure how well the model has performed on your training dataset by
using the regression
evaluation type of the
evaluate data frame analytics API. The mean squared
error (MSE) value that the evaluation provides you on the training dataset is
the training error. Training the regression model means finding the
combination of model parameters that produces the lowest possible training
error.
Another crucial measurement is how well your model performs on unseen data points. To assess how well the trained model will perform on data it has never seen before, you must set aside a proportion of the training dataset for testing. This split of the dataset is the testing dataset. Once the model has been trained, you can let the model predict the value of the data points it has never seen before and compare the prediction to the actual value. This test provides an estimate of a quantity known as the model generalization error.
Two concepts describe how well the regression algorithm was able to learn the relationship between the feature variables and the dependent variable. Underfitting is when the model cannot capture the complexity of the dataset. Overfitting is when the model is too specific to the training data set and is capturing details which do not generalize to new data. A model that overfits the data has a low MSE value on the training dataset and a high MSE value on the testing dataset. For more information about the evaluation metrics, see Regression evaluation.